Marketing and Product Free Essays

1. On the Basics: a. We have attested that showcasing is actually the vital thought of ‘connectedness’ with clients. We will compose a custom exposition test on Promoting and Product or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now From the viewpoint of your last venture organization, recognize and examine how your organization interfaces with its clients †select from either the showcasing idea or the selling idea. Make certain to characterize every idea and be nitty gritty in your reaction. A: Marketing idea holds that accomplishing authoritative objectives relies upon knowing the requirements and needs of target advertises and conveying the ideal fulfillments better than contenders do. client center and worth are the way to deals and benefits) The promoting idea is a client focused sense and reacts reasoning. (The activity is to locate the correct items for your clients. ) My venture organization Samsung took the advertising idea and associate with its clients. Samsung decides to concern progressively about customers’ require and design items that take care of customers’ issues instead of make it and sell it. Before imagining cellphone items it will do a great deal of studies and examinatio n to discover what issues exist and concerned intensely in present day world. Exercises like unconditional present and test with-buy, free encountering and kind subsequent to selling administration are acceptable methods of finding what client need and requesting criticisms. Not exclusively can these showcasing methodologies gather information and models for its investigation, yet in addition can construct a solid relationship with current and possible clients. Other than that Samsung likewise build up an arrangement of reaching with clients, which utilizes PDAs and email. By messaging and messaging client what new items are and getting some information about them improves items and make items more client orientated. . Alluding to your undertaking organization give a very much created portrayal of your market fragment and your objective market. I. Distinguish the most earnest issue vital for you to infiltrate or ensure your ideal market space. Market Segmentation: Target Customers: Urgent issue: The most dire issue is to separate this cell phone from other cel l phone of different brands by promoting. There are numerous cell phones in the market and the most serious one is the iphone5 from Apple. These two cell phone have comparable capacity and both have great notoriety in fixing skins. To advertise the serum from Lauder we need to pressure its capacity of giving you the most appealing capacity, for example, Pop up play and Face Zoom which Apple doesn’t have. c. Ultimately, compactly address every one of the accompanying focal situating questions relating to your undertaking organization/brand: I. What position, assuming any, do you as of now have in the prospect’s mind? Here I show a portion of the serious contributions Full scope of administration subsequent to selling Apple 9. 0 Nokia 7. Motorola7. 5 HTC 7. 0 Sharp6. 5 ZTE6. 0 Quality of item The parts of item ii. What position would you like to possess? With a solid brand advantage and the lush Apple store, Apple presently is as yet the brilliance star in people’s mind. Be that as it may, what I will do is to give clients more space to encounter our item when they come to Samsung store . I mean to po ssess the primary spot. iii. What organizations must be outgunned on the off chance that you are to set up or keep up that position? From my perspective, Motorola would be the first to be outgunned. The explanation is that: 2. On the Marketing Mix: Discuss the qualities and shortcomings of your company’s advertising blend and offer key proposals on how the organization should deal with the most copying showcasing issue/opportunity affecting the vital presentation of the ‘mix’. Think about forming your answer in view of the 5Cs Strengths: Lauder has broadened showcasing systems from retailing stores to TV advertisements to spas. It present the item in numerous measurements and gives customer a full and noteworthy comprehend of the item. Shortcoming: Most of Estee Lauder’s retail locations are claimed by the organization. Lauder doesn’t need to help out different retailers so as to keep their picture of very good quality. In any case, advertising the serum implies you need to exceptionally presented your item to the general population and remind them there’s consistently this decision for them and they have simple access to the item. Arrangements: The consuming promoting issue is world doesn't have a solid separated situation from different brands and not great to cosumers. Right off the bat, we should consider client arrangement. By propelling promotion battle in which stress the capacity of the item and rundown includes that different cellphones don’t have, we are really telling buyers that the additional advantages they can get from picking this cellphone. Other than that we can set up experience relax in some shopping centers for individuals to give the item a shot just as showing them how to utilize it to accomplish the best impact. Besides, we center around client cost. To certain individuals who have never utilized it they might not have any desire to go through that much cash in attempting another item. So when we are propelling this item we can offer rebate or selling as a bundle to bring down the cost so progressively potential client will have an attempt. Fourthly, we can advance the correspondence. By building up two-way correspondence can truly fortify the tight with purchasers. Why numerous brands are forgettable is on the grounds that they don’t have a solid association with buyers. By reaching shoppers with email and message we can generally uncover them in the data of the items which increment the possibility of them picking the item. 3. On Consumer Buying Behavior: a. Alluding to your organization, portray a situation of your average client utilizing the purchaser choice procedure when considering buying your company’s item/administration. Utilize the language from our readings. I. Consider pulling from your database research offered in our library workshop to verify how your clients carry on in your market condition. b. Furthermore, from the standards that impact the pace of selection, in what region does your organization/item exceed expectations and what zone does your organization/item expect consideration regarding reinforce the reception procedure? Be nitty gritty in your reaction. . First we have Need Recognition. The purchaser perceives an issue or need of the cellphone by conversing with a companion of viewing an advertisement. Second, he will do Information Search. Promotions are from business sources-constrained by advertisers. He may likewise discover data from individual sources, open sources and experiential sources. By watchi ng promotions or tuning in to the guidance of a dear companion or attempting the examples she will get the data about the cellphones. Third, we have Evaluation of Alternatives. He will assess options with estimations and intelligent reasoning. By contemplating each trait and analyze various cellphones he discovers that cellphones from Samsung will fulfilled his need with the capacities universe has. Fourth, he will settle on the Purchase Decision. Subsequent to positioning brands and framing buy aim, he is going to purchase the cellphone. Presently if mentalities of others likewise focuses to getting it and there’s no surprising situational factors like exacerbating economy or dropping cost of contenders, he will by the somewhat costly cellphone structure Samsung. To wrap things up there’s Postpurchase Behavior. He will feel either fulfilled or unsatisfied with the galaxy,which is the hole between the desires and the product’s saw execution. b. Exceed expectations Relative preferred position: 4. 8† Super Amoled HD show Pebble blue or marble white Battery: 2,100mAh (remote charging discretionary extra) Camera: 8MP back; 1. 9 MP front S-Beam High speed document move by means of NFC and WiFi Direct, between two telephones contacted together, working at up to 300Mbps. Brilliant Stay The telephone tracks your eyes, so as long as you’re taking a gander at it, the showcase won’t diminish or turn off. What Needs to be STRENGTHEN? the motivation behind the current market circumstance, the significant brands of cell phone chain, (for example, Suning, Gome, and so forth ) possesses a huge market, so we are confronted with impressive weight. As per the market potential, the Guangdong advertise level of utilization investigation, shopper gatherings, all things considered, is restricted, so we have a novel support of dazzle possible clients. d out the distinctions. 4. On Branding and the Product Lifecycle: a. Alluding to your organization, distinguish the one significant quality and shortcoming of the brand. I. What are your proposals to fortify the intensity and value of the brand? ii. Distinguish at what stage your image falls inside the item lifecycle model. What is required for you to guarantee that the client remains everlastingly ‘connected’ to your image? a. Quality: Samsung has adequate store for concocting so it’s ready to apply innovative into their items, which makes it an offer point to the clients since these days everybody prefers new innovation. What’s more, while imagining the item Samsung will have such a significant number of test before they at long last dispatch the item so the item is unquestionably sheltered. Weakness:The four-cores designs card needs enormous measure of power The external skin is effectively getting old in view of its material I. To build seriousness and value of the brand first we have to consider the brand situating Marketers need to situate the brand obviously in the objective customers’ mind. I will situate the brand at the most elevated level which is on solid convictions and qualities. By propelling promotion battles we convey the idea that the serum structure Estee Lauder is in excess of a serum, it’s a way of life you pick. â€Å"To be impressive and sound ordinary gives you the sure to confront each challenge. I would likewise build up a crucial the brand and a vis

Geography Facts About the Amazon River

Geology Facts About the Amazon River The Amazon River in South America is a stunning and significant stream for the planet and in this manner, you have to think about it. Here are the eight most significant things you have to think about the Amazon River. 8 Amazon River Facts The Amazon River conveys more water than some other stream on the planet. Indeed, the Amazon River is answerable for around one-fifth (20%) of the new water that streams into the universes oceans.The Amazon River is the second longest waterway on the planet and is around 4,000 miles (6400 km) long. (In July 2007 a gathering of researchers supposedly verified that the Amazon River may very well be the longest waterway on the planet, taking that title from the Nile River. It will take further investigations to validate the case and for the Amazon River to be perceived as the longest.)The Amazon River has the biggest watershed (region of land that streams into the waterway) and more tributaries (streams that stream into it) than some other waterway on the planet. The Amazon River has more than 200 tributaries.Streams that start in the Andes Mountains are the beginning hotspots for the Amazon River.Most of the spillover of Brazil streams into the Amazon River alongside overflow from four different nations: Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador. Because of the immense measure of water just as dregs that are kept where the Amazon River meets the Atlantic Ocean, the shading and saltiness of the Atlantic Ocean are changed for about 200 miles (320 km) from the delta.For a lot of its way, the Amazon River can be as much as one to six miles wide! During flood seasons, the Amazon River can be a whole lot more extensive; some report it is in excess of 20 miles wide (32 km) in certain places.The Amazon River took various courses since it started to convey water. A few researchers have discovered that the Amazon River even streamed west at once or more, into the Pacific Ocean.

End of Life Issues Essay

Willful extermination implies â€Å"good death† yet today the term is regarded as a benevolent activity to free somebody of misery. Much of the time we have seen in critical condition patients euthanized dynamic or detached, yet for my article I will examine dynamic killing. End of life issues is a point numerous families are confronted with ordinary more than one gets a kick out of the chance to envision; in any case, envision that you were a critical other who has a friend or family member in the emergency clinic experiencing a terminal disease and their agony is excruciating that your adored one has chosen to take his life and the subject of willful extermination comes up. What might you do? The principal felt that would ring a bell is this is ethically off-base and unsatisfactory in our general public. I will discuss killing and how three moral hypotheses introduced in this course would better assistance answer your inquiry of killing being ethically off-base. The ethical hypothesis of Immanuel Kant’s Deontology helps morally with the perspectives on killing and the qualities and shortcoming of vanity and Utilitarianism will likewise be introduced. This is the place the deontological approach may enable a family to comprehend that it’s ethically adequate to comfort their adored one as the person acknowledges dynamic killing as a way to take their life. Deontology contends that an activity is correct or wrong in itself independent of the outcomes and it is our obligation our cooperative attitude as Kant puts it to make the best choice. I pose the inquiry what confirms that correct thing. Might it be religion and the expression of god for those that put stock in God or might it be for you a few general standards. Kant’s all out says to Act so that you treat humankind, regardless of whether in your own individual or in the individual of some other, consistently simultaneously as an end and never just as an unfortunate chore. As it were, all peopleâ€including youâ€deserve regard. It would consistently not be right to regard individuals as items, or as a method of accomplishing some objective, or in another way that doesn't show regard. (Kant 1997, 1998)â that we treat individuals as closures in themselves and not intends to our finishes. At the end of the day we should regard the desires of the patient. The qualities of Deontology as it identifies with killing is that the deontology contention depends on rules and an activity is acceptable in the event that it keeps the standard. The outcomes doesn’t matter the main thing that issues is that we approach others with deference and love for that is something we should need for ourselves. The option to pick willful extermination is a privilege in its own and to likewise speak to some common laws when you state that an individual â€Å"should have the option to pick whether they live or die.† These are the two standards. Your contention is that willful extermination is steady with these guidelines and is in this manner moral. This is a deontological contention. In spite of the fact that, Kant held that on the off chance that one ends it all since one accepts that the rest of one’s life will be loaded up with more inconvenience than delight, at that po int one neglects to regard oneself as an end thus long as one holds the limits that would make you an individual than one ought to consistently regard that life. Pundits of deontology expressed that the Kantian adaptation appears to be excessively sterile and neglects to catch a portion of the mind boggling issues that emerge when we go up against moral issues, all things considered (moser, 2013). The shortcoming to my contention as it identifies with deontology and killing is that ending your own life won't be ethically adequate in today’s society. All things considered, Kant didn't put stock in the result of an activity or whether it’s moral. While thinking about killing, at that point, Kant won't be keen fair and square of enduring of the patient or family members. He would not concur that we ought to do the caring thing. He would work out what the correct activity was. With Kant’s all out basic Kant expect that being an ethical individual is a prerequisite and Universalizing the adage â€Å"I pushing an adoration one to die† would give a widespread law that everybody ought to be assisted with dieing †a self-inconsistency. In the event that you took the proverb â€Å"I should assist that with cherishing one, who is in critical condition, enduring agonizingly and urgent to bite the dust, to die† you may make an increasingly adequate all inclusive principle, for example, â€Å"Anyone who is terminally and seriously sick, enduring extraordinarily and has openly decided to pass on, ought to be served to die†( rsrevision ). Additionally, some may state that deontology may expect one to act in a manner that appears to be clearly off-base and exploitative. The deontologist keeps up that a few or all activities are correct or wrong in themselves as a result of the kind of activity they are whether they produce the more promi nent good. This sort of view is less simple to organize than the Consequentiality see. The second moral hypothesis The Egoist accepts that the correct activity is consistently that which has the best ramifications for the practitioner of the activity, or specialist. Likewise with Utilitarianism, there are various adaptations of this convention as per whether the great outcomes are found as far as most extreme joy, least torment (Hedonistic Egoism) or as far as other great ramifications for the specialist, for example, their self-improvement or prospering. From the outset sight, Hedonistic Egoism appears to recommend an actual existence spent stomping all over any individual who gets in one’s manner, thus to be precluded as in opposition to everything that is typically thought of as right. Be that as it may, since the time Plato savants have understood that when all is said in done individuals can't expand joy in that way. A great many people are not sufficiently able to do this without any potential repercussions, and regardless the vast majority need companionship and collaboration with others for their own satisfaction. So Hedonistic Egoism can't be excused so quickly. Be that as it may, events would emerge where Hedonistic Egoism, as Hedonistic Utilitarianism, requests savage activity. For instance, it would endorse automatic killing to a specialist or guardian who might increase a decent arrangement from someone’s demise, couldn't have cared less enough about the casualty to miss him by and by and could disguise his deed from any individual who did. Such individuals, if objective, would not feel remorseful, for they would by their statement of faith have made the best choice. A regulation which recommends this, regardless of whether on uncommon events, is a lot at change with our normal thoughts of ethical quality to be influential. Be that as it may, Higher Egoism is another issue. For ins tance, Aristotle’s tenet is that the correct approach in life isn't to seek after our own pleasure however to build up our own thriving or encourage our best selves. Furthermore, the best self is a non-selfish self, who develops the sort of kinship where companions are second selves and has all the ethical ideals, including other-seeing ones, for example, liberality and equity. This sort of Egoism, rather than letting us know consistently to seek after our own government assistance, as it were separates the differentiation among self as well as other people; we couldn't promptly condemn it on the ground that it was clearly at fluctuation with our standard good perspectives. Then again, it isn't a lot of utilization as a manual for activity. We first need to comprehend what sorts of activity are highminded so as to develop the temperances Aristotle talks about. The intrigue of the Aristotelian methodology today isn't as a guide, however as a generalâ framework in which one may set the ethical life, and without a doubt all parts of life. Aristotle figures we can't yet seek after our own great through our eyes, and maybe he is correct. In any case, he expects to win us to a respectable perspective on that great, in which our own actual government assistance is to be as well as can be expected be. He lays weight on the particular idea of man and on the best life as one where sound resources are very much worked out. The possibility of a demise with poise, one in which these qualities are saved, fits well with his viewpoint (Dr. Elizabeth Telfer, 2013). John’s Stuart Mill Utilitarianism is my third moral hypothesis that will be talked about here in our focal point of killing and whether it’s ethically satisfactory. One would consider when settling on a choice about willful extermination for an evil relative that as per Mill The u tilitarian convention is, that satisfaction is attractive, and the main thing alluring, as an end; every single other thing being just alluring as intends with that in mind. My understanding is that at the end of the day, we are to regard others and ourselves as an unfortunate obligation, and it is improper to utilize individuals and ourselves as a unimportant methods. Bliss is something that can be experienced so far as we comprehend when we are alive. Factory likewise expresses that â€Å"†¦ there is as a general rule nothing wanted aside from satisfaction. Whatever is wanted in any case than as a way to some end past itself, and at last to satisfaction, is wanted as itself a piece of joy, and isn't wanted for itself until it has become so.†Utilitarianism tries to discover a response to why individuals act the way that they do, and as indicated by Mill our activities get from the quest for joy. I would contend that as indicated by utilitarianism that one doesn't end it all so as to look for satisfaction as an end. Taking everything into account, nobody needs to be placed in a circumstance where a friend or family member who’s at death's door and is in inconceivable agony and in this way, needs to makes up their psyche to take their life through dynamic willful extermination. I utilized deontology on the grounds that the methodology is extremely famous type of critical thinking in moral circumstances and vanity yet Utilitarianism since it would give me solace to realize that I’m settling on the correct choice ethicall y for the patient and for narrow minded reasons. The three moral speculations are clear and straightforward and every now and again non vague; be that as it may, right or wrong whether end of life choices will be discussed if not it’s ethically acknowledged. I trust in the wake of breaking down these speculations that I’m ready to offer solace to somebody that needs to think about killing for a friend or family member yet I’m very sure the discussion will proceed untilâ a

Review About Entrepreneurship And Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The aim of this chapter is to develop the knowledge and understanding on the subject matter as well as providing the theoretical background for the study. Therefore, it was essential that a desk review be made on previous studies focusing on the topic of the risk taking propensity among entrepreneurs. The literature review included some relevant studies that were done in the past particularly those related to the issue of this study. In addition, studies related to the general issues of entrepreneurship were also reviewed to shed additional insight on the subject matter. The chapter starts with the discussion on the concept of entrepreneurship with special reference to the entrepreneurial process and how entrepreneurs play their role in the process. It is then followed by discussion on the micro and small business sector in Malaysia in terms of the working definition and its importance to the national economy. Next, the definition of risk and its variants are discussed in greater detail. The chapter ends with the discussion of the literature related to risk taking propensity. Entrepreneurship is a process universally connected with the founding of business ventures, acquiring or expanding an existing business. Entrepreneurs have been considered as bearers for risks and uncertainties in making business choices (Knight, 1921), and make innovations for new goods, new methods of production, new markets, and new types of industrial organization (Schumpeter, 1934). Hull, Bosley, and Udell (1980) concurred that entrepreneurs assumed risks with the intention to expand the businesses. Meanwhile, Brockhaus (1980) recognized an entrepreneur as a manager or owner of a business who is not employed elsewhere. However, Cooper and Dundleberg (1987) defined entrepreneur as a person who either own or manage a business. While McClelland (1961) described an entrepreneur as a business manager who has the responsibility as a decision maker and takes responsibility for the decision made. From the above definitions, it can be concluded that an entrepreneur is the owner or manager of an MSME, in which he or she may not be a founder but has a responsibility to make decision and take the risk and responsibility for the decision made. Entrepreneurship endeavours involve gathering of productive resources in an attempt to begin a business enterprise with the expectation of providing a reasonable income to the e ntrepreneur or small business operator. These resources include manpower, equipment and tools, money, time and basic raw materials which may entail some risks in procuring them. For example, the risk of not getting basic raw materials as needed to produce the product or damage to the equipment and tools means losses to the entrepreneur. These resources, along with their associated risk, should be recognized and managed to minimize losses and to increase profits. Hereditary risk exists in all the processes starting from the ideation, conceptualization, enterprise creation, commercialization and ending with the growth of the enterprise. The entrepreneurial process remains the same and the roles and nature of the entrepreneur are universal, regardless of industries.  ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ Moreover, all businesses in the world face risk regardless of its size, thus they have to identify, assess, manage and monitor the organizations business opportunities and risks. The current b usiness disappointments are usually caused by entrepreneurs misjudgements, mismanagement of risk and changes in corporate governance requirements. There are also increasing stakeholder expectations for entrepreneurs to effectively manage all risks exist within an organization. 2.3 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are and will continue to be the backbone of Malaysian economic growth. Undoubtedly, MSMEs contributes greatly to the economic strength in Malaysia. With the New Economic Policy introduced by government in 1971, Malaysian MSMEs were given the important task of hoisting new breed of Bumiputra entrepreneurs who would eventually grow into large business community in accordance with the social restructuring objectives of the policy. The policy has been able to create MSMEs whereby 30% of the businesses are owned by bumiputras. As of Mac 2005, a total of 518,996 MSMEs were registered in Malaysia (Census of Establishments and Enterprises, 2005, Department of Statistics Malaysia). Most of the MSMEs were found in the service sector, accounting for 86.5%. They contributed 27.3 percent of total manufacturing output, 25.8 percent to value-added production, owned 27.6 percent of fixed assets and employed 38.9 percent of the country workforce (SMIDEC, 2002). There were 192,527 establishments in the services sector and 186,728 (96.7%) of these are made up of MSMEs in Malaysia. Yusoff (2004) noted higher consumer spending and a record level of tourist arrival caused the services sector to grow by 6.8% in 2004. Strong expansion in all sub-sectors with transport and communication emanated the growth in the lead at 8.4% followed by wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants (7.1%) and finance, insurance, real estate and business services (6.5%). MSMEs had become one of the main drivers of economic growth as the industries contribute 32% to Malaysias gross domestic product (GDP), account for 56% of total employment and 19% of total exports of the nation in 2007 (SME Annual Report, 2007). The definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises is classified within the context of the country in which they operate, as typically, the concept varies according to country (Gunasekaran, Forker and Kobu, 2000). In the past, there was no common definition of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Malaysia. Many agencies defined MSMEs differently according to their own criteria based on annual sales turnover, number of employees or shareholder. The criteria should include paid-up capital, shareholders funds, sales turnover, and number of employees or a combination of these. In Malaysia, National Small and Medium Enterprise Development Council (NSDC), (2005), defined micro, small and medium enterprises as firms employing 150 full-time employees with sales turnover less than RM 25 million. This definition covers the manufacturing sector including agro-based, services, primary agriculture and ICT. Bank Negara Malaysia defined MSMEs as enterprises with shareholders funds of less than RM10 million. Meanwhile, the Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMECorp) defined MSMEs as enterprises based on the annual sales turnover not exceeding RM25 million and number of full-time employees not ex ceeding 150. The criteria used in defining MSMEs are based on annual sales turnover and number of the MSMEs as postulated in Table 2.1 below. Table 2.1: Definitions of MSMEs in Malaysia Category Micro-enterprise Small enterprise Medium enterprise Manufacturing (including agro-based) and MRS No. of full-time employees: Less than 5 Annual Sales Turnover: Less than RM250,000 No. of full-time employees: Between 5 and 50 Annual Sales Turnover: Between RM250,000 and less than RM10 million No. of full-time employees: Between 51 and 150 Annual Sales Turnover: Between RM10 million and RM25 million. Services, primary agriculture and information and communication Technology (ICT) No. of full-time employees: Less than 5 Annual Sales Turnover: Less than RM200,000 No. of full-time employees: Between 5 and 19 Annual Sales Turnover: Between RM200,000 and less than RM1 million No. of full-time employees: Between 20 and 50 Annual Sales Turnover: Between RM1 million and RM5 million Sources: National Small and Medium Enterprise Development Council (NSDC), (2005) 2.4 Risk Risk become popular in the economics field in the 1920s and started to be the main focus in the academic discipline. Thus, the definition of risk has been extended within the area of decision making by various field of literature in management, environmental, insurance and psychology. Risk and its elements definition is complicated and multifaceted as it is viewed and considered differently depending upon the taxonomy that an individual utilizes it. Generally, risk refers to uncertainty concerning the occurrence of a loss (Redja 2005). Yates and Stone (1992) defined risk as the degree of uncertainty and potential loss which may follow from a given behaviour. Risk is also defined by Greene (1962) as the uncertainty as to the occurrence of an economic loss and, measurable uncertainty (Knight, 1921) or objectified uncertainty regarding the occurrence of an undesirable event (Willett, 1951). Apart from the dissimilarities in defining risk, two common themes are about uncertainty and loss. According to Crowe Horn, (1957), the term probability may have the connotation of likelihood to specific persons as compared to probability to others. This feeling of unpredictability of the actual results of a method contrary the possible expected outcomes introduces objectives suspicion about the outcome in given circumstances (Williams Heins, 1964). Once the event occurred, the differences can be measured in the actual versus expected outcome of an action but differs from the incidence of an unwelcome contingency (Althearn, 1962). Consequently, there is variability in the connotative definitions of risk between persons, society and ethos despite several general academic accords concerning the fundamental of risk. In addition to the facets of uncertainty and loss, there is the constituent of the future time component in the likelihood, predictive, possibility of risk. The multitude of descriptions of risk is due to the lack of agreement by scholars and the nature of ri sk itself. The word of uncertainty may be unique to a particular actor if the word of uncertainty refers to the component of risk and uncertainty as a state of mind of the individual processing the risk. Besides uncertainty, risk involves loss, or something that is undesirable. Loss may be more than financial or economic. Crowe and Horn (1957) defined loss as an involuntary reduction in the capacity of an entity to satisfy its wants. Therefore, it looks that scholars have disagreements in separating an individuals awareness, perception and attitude from the general concept of risk. Entrepreneurial Risk An entrepreneur is a risk taker and is prone to assume business risks. Any error in making business decision is a probable source of threat or opportunity in assuring the success of the business. The distinctiveness of entrepreneur businesses, rivalries and tight economic situations has obligated the entrepreneurs capability on predicting the business risks. Busenitz (1999) noted the basis of risk is that ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦the dominant theme running throughout the entrepreneurship literature is risk and how entrepreneurs are predisposed towards risky alternatives or how the should manage risk (p. 325). However, this statement contradicts with McCarthys (2000) statement on the risk that ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦the risk construct dominates the literature on entrepreneurship and the ability to bear risk has been identified as the primary challenge facing entrepreneurs (p.563). Furthermore, Klein (1977) had summarized that the capacity to take risk as being an inherent attribute of the entrepreneurial venture as stated that if an entrepreneur is to profit from an unexploited potential, he must also inevitably deal with a greater degree of uncertainty. Business risks occur due to uncertainty about the future and the effect of current judgements.Therefore, business choices need to consist of an assessment of their outcomes and the possibility that the outcome may differ from expectation. Entrepreneurs confront the problem that the sum of tolerable risk is based on likelihood of unconstructive outcomes and reward is often comparative to the amount of risk taken. Bird (1989) differentiates risks to five types which four of them are clearly pertinent to any potential entrepreneurs such as economic risk, risk in social relations, risks in career development, psychological and health risk. The general concept of risk has been broken into several dimensions by several authors (see for example, Assael, 1981; MacCrimmon and Wehrung, 1986; Minkow ick, 1964; Mowen, 1987; and Robertson, Zielinski and Ward, 1984). These include financial risk, physical risk, social risk, professional risk, performance risk, opportunity cost risk and time risk. Meanwhile, Carroll, Siridhara and Finchman (1986) used the Atkinsons model (consumer model of risk perception) which resulted in a six dimensions to define risk among entrepreneurs as the decision to become an entrepreneur involves consumer risk. The dimensions included in the model are financial risk, social risk, psychological risk, performance risk, safety risk and convenience risk. However, Harrington and Niehaus, (2004) noted that in business several types of risks are present and can be applied to entrepreneur business decision making such as price risks, credit risks and pure risks. Price risks include market risks associated to the victory of the business plan, demand for the product, and issues of cost and price which include output price and input price risks. Romano et al, ( 2001) includes price risk to business-related financial risks involving credit, cash flow, foreign currency and working capital. Every business risks are not monetary, yet, a good deal of risk is inherent in companies and operations itself. It can be concluded that many of these risks resulted from pressures related to company growth, company culture and information management. Other type of business risks is credit risk. Credit risk is a chance and magnitude of financial loss involved in the spending of money. To quote Harrington and Niehaus, (2004), on the credit risk of the business risk: The risk that a firms customers and the parties to which it has lent money will delay or fail to make promised payments is known as credit risk. Most firms face some credit risk for account receivables. The exposure to credit risk is particularly large for financial institutions, such as commercial banks, that routinely make loans that are subject to risk of default by the borrower. When f irms borrow money, they in turn expose lenders to credit risk (i.e., the risk that the firm will default on its promised payments). As a consequence, borrowing exposes the firms owners to the risk that the firm will be unable to pay its debt and thus be forced into bankruptcy, and the firm generally will have to pay more to borrow money as credit risk increases (p.5). Raghavan, (2005) noted that Probability Default (PD) and Loss Given Default (LGD) were used to measure credit risk and default percentage is quite high in SME sectors as compared to the large corporate or entity. Finally, pure risk is another type of business risks. These risks affect business due to reduction in value of business assets such as wreck or demolition of construction, equipment, inventory, business records, or other property; recovery and replacement costs after fires, flooding, typhoon or other disaster; and loss of income during recovery. Pure risks also involve company losses due to shipping dama ges or losses occurring because of crimes such as misappropriation or robbery. Entrepreneurs face a range of pure risks that must be controlled and managed lest they endanger the future of the firms. This pure risk also includes legal liability for damages for harm to customers, suppliers, shareholders and also injury to employees resulting from accidents, harm product, professional malpractice, inappropriate business practices and mistakes or omission. Another type of pure risk is the risk which associated with paying benefits to injured workers under workers compensation laws including the risk of legal liability for injuries or other harms to employees that are not governed by workers compensation laws. Finally, the risk that the businesses agreed to make payments under employee benefits plans due to death, illness and disability to employees (Harrington and Niehaus, 2004). The figure below shows the major types of business risk. Figure 1: The Major Types of Business Risk Source: Harrington and Niehaus, 2004 Liles, (1974) recommended that new venture entrepreneurs, involved financial status, career opportunities and psychosocial health. The new venture also will face strain and loss of family and social relations. The private monetary risk that the entrepreneur perpetrates from a failed business can affect the major losses to the entrepreneurs, resulting in a lower standard of living. Liles (1974) also suggested that the potential entrepreneur is well counselled to analyze carefully the risks associated with his specific business proposal and then make a decision to undertake them because the financial and emotional consequences of failure could be devastating. Liles then concluded that the decision depends to a great extent upon the potential entrepreneurs perception of the risk involved. Raghvan, (2005), specify the risks to SME sectors include the following: 1. Constitution of business entity involves the constitution to be risky due to lack of professionalism and overdependence on one or two key person in deciding the important part in running the business. The decisions made will affect the success or failure in establishment and advancement of the business. 2. Leverage on financial structure occurs when the business entity limits the funds mobilisation efforts that a small and medium business enterprise can raise capital and borrow. 3 Tough competition and inadequate margin resulted from competition with bigger business, whereby a small and medium business enterprise face the pressure on the margin as they have to absorb according to bigger enterprise price as they cannot raise their price. 4. Low collection in account receivable gives effects to the strain on the liquidity position of the SME sector and may be the result of bank restricted their exposure to the sector. 5. Incapacity to go for technology advancement to help the sector optimized their available resources in the best way is because of little financial resources and poor ability for leveraging the financial structure. 6. High employee turnover in the small and medium business enterprise because of limited of growth prospects includes the possible loss of manpower and additional costs in the form of training and knowledge update that will results the operation continuity and lowering the productivity. 7. Micro finance which provided credits to small enterprise as to improve the standard of living will covered them under social entrepreneurial activities. Doubtfully, the risk of the lenders will be spreading under the sector. The approach of micro enterprise finance is through repayment incentive structure, streamlined administration and market based pricing adopting profit which leads to great transform in a cumulative causation triggered by credit to MSMEs. 8. Collateral Security exists when dealing with lenders and borrower particularly to banks. Banks would not on detailed investigation and analysis of borrowers business as they already have the protection which will reflect of credit-worthiness to lenders. 9. Bank lending to MSMEs is considered as the primary source of external finance to support the sectors growth in the country. Business owners have knowledge on the prospects of venture and risk facing their business than lenders that will set in the information asymmetry. The existence of information asymmetry makes the lenders respond by increasing lending margins to levels in excess of that which the inherent risks would require. Besides, banks also curtail the extent of lending and resort to what is known as Credit Rationing, notwithstanding the fact that MSMEs would be willing to pay a fair Risk Adjusted Cost of Capital. 2.6 Risk Taking Propensity The study of decision making behaviour categorizes the risk into three elements: risk perception, risk propensity and preparedness to take risk (Brindley, 2005). Brockhaus (1980) defined risk propensity: The perceived probability of receiving the rewards associated with success of a proposed situation, which is required by an individual before he will subject himself to consequence associated with failure, the alternative situation providing less reward as well as less severe consequences than the proposed situation. (p. 513) Risk taking can also be defined as one of the three dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation of a company and refers to the readiness of the organization to consign significant resources to opportunities that might be uncertain (Junehed and Davidsson 1998). Sitkin and Weingart (1995) defined risk perception as a subjective interpretation of expected loss which affected by individuals view of the uncertainty of the decision and the consequence of the dec ision. Meanwhile, risk propensity is usually defined as an individuals general tendency toward either taking or avoiding risk within a particular kind of decision context (Sitkin and Pablo, 1992). Risk propensity is a common tendency to accept or avert risks (Sitkin and Weigart, 1995). Summary of past trend of the selected research in risk propensity have produced mixed conclusions is tabulated in Table 2.1 (p. 23). Some studies have indicated no significant differences in risk taking propensities among entrepreneurs. Risk propensity and risk perception influence risk taking. Risky decisions will be made when the situations are of high risk propensity and low risk perception. Therefore, risk-taking initiatives should be more necessary in order to achieve good results in hostile markets. In other words, business owners or managers who dare to take more risks take actions that are more suitable and perform better. Abby and Slater (1989) noted that an organization which has an international vision, favorable perception and attitudes towards international business, is willing to take risk and has the capacity to engage positively in international business activities is likely to lead the company to business success. In order to minimize risks, entrepreneurs are required to identify which variables influence their business performance. If they have a higher risk-taking propensity, they positively affect the business performance. Begley (1995) defined risk-taking propensity as the willingness to take moderate risks. This means that when entrepreneurs are faced with different situations, they would probably show different risk propensities. At the same time, different entrepreneurs faced with the same situation may present different risk propensities. Entrepreneurs are willing to accept the uncertainty. They are distinctively able to start and orchestrate events that have risk consequences (Mitton. 1989). Some entrepreneurial studies conducted propose tha t successful entrepreneurs are moderate risk-takers (Bridge, ONeil, Cromie, 1998). Douglas and Shepherd (2002) found that those with a greater risk acceptance had stronger levels of entrepreneurial intention. McClelland (1961) found that individuals would have moderate propensities to take risk if they have high achievement needs. However, Liles (1974) argued that entrepreneurs frequently have to adopt uncertainty with respect to financial well-being, psychic well-being, career security and family relations. Groups risk propensity could be influenced by various variables. Among them was characteristic of the group as suggested by Sitkin and Pablo (1992) that outcomes associated with prior risky decisions can influence risk propensity with more positive outcomes leading to greater risk propensity. Prediction by people that groups with higher levels of collective efficacy (Gibson, McKeon and Ostrom, 2000) could have greater risk propensity because they feel more capable of handling problems that arise. Similarly, groups with more ambitious goals or groups that compete closely with other groups may have greater risk propensity because risk taking is necessary for their success. The environment was another variable that may also play a role in the risk propensity of groups. For example, the group may have greater risk propensity if risk is valued in a groups social environment (Stine-Cheyne, 2002). According to Moreland Levine, (1992), a group may have a greater risk propensity because it has less fear of failure if the group expects outsiders to provide help when it is needed. When the consequences of failure are smaller, a group may be more willing to take more risks. This relationship may be moderated, however, by the availability and value of outside help. Table 2.1: Selected Empirical Research of Risk Taking Propensity and Entrepreneurs Researcher(s) Sample Place Instrument(s) Results Brockhaus and Nord (1979) New founders (N=31), newly promoted managers (N=31), and newly hired managers (N=31) United States Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire (CDQ) No significant differences in risk taking propensity of the three groups. Brockhaus (1980a) New founders (N=31), newly promoted managers (N=31), and newly hired managers (N=31) United States CDQ No significant differences in risk taking propensity of the three groups. Sexton and Bowman (1983) Entrepreneurship majors (N=61) and non business majors (N= 113) United States Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) Personality Research Form E (PRF-E) CDQ Entrepreneurship majors higher in risk taking Sexton and Bowman (1984) Entrepreneurship majors (N=45) , business majors (N=75) and non business majors (N= 98) United States JPI PRF-E Entrepreneurship majors higher in risk taking Schwer and Yucelt (1984) Owners and small business managers (N=71) CDQ No differences in personal risk; other risks mitigated by age and education Masters Meier (1988) Male and Female owners/owner-managers and managers (N=50) United States CDQ No significant differences in risk taking propensity neither between owners and managers nor between males and females owners. Table 2.1: Selected Empirical Research of Risk Taking Propensity and Entrepreneurs (Continued) Researcher(s) Sample Instrument(s) Results MacCrimmon and Wehrung (1990) Business owners and Executives Canada CDQ -The greater success was related to greater risk taking. -Education was also found to be related to risk taking. -Age, seniority, number of dependents was inversely related to risk taking. Carland, J.W., III, Carland, J.W., Carland, J.A Pearce, J.W. (1995) Entrepreneurs (N=114), Small Business Owners (N=347) and Managers (N=387) South Eastern United States JPI Older respondents explained a lower of risk taking propensity than the younger. Respondents with higher level of education had higher propensities for risk taking, Female exhibited a lower level of risk taking propensity compared to male. Begley (1995), Business executive (N=239) New England JPI failed to identify whether the level of entrepreneurial risk taking was low, moderate, or high. Koiranen, Hyrsky and Tuunanen (1997) Entrepreneurs, Small business owners and managers (N=1000) In dia, Turkey and United States JPI -Americans were more inclined to assume risks. -Finnish entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers were more risk averse than Americans. -Americans males have a higher scores than Finnish males -No significant difference between female US entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers and their Finnish female counterparts Table 2.1: Selected Empirical Research of Risk Taking Propensity and Entrepreneurs (Continued) Researcher(s) Sample Place Instrument(s) Results Stewart, Watson, Carland and Carland (1998), Students (N=206) United States and Rusia JPI and CDQ CDQ failed to measure the construct of risk taking in the investigation. JPI was more successful; however, it has components which may not be well matched for measuring entrepreneurial risk taking. Hyrsky and Tuunanen (1999) Entrepreneurs, Small business owners and managers (N=1000) Finland and United States Carland Entrepreneurship index (CEI) American had greater risk taking propensity. Forlani and Mullins (2000) CEO of the firms (N=540) United States Risk Style Scale Differences in risk propensities among entrepreneurs on their new venture choices. Petrakis (2005), Small Businessmen of SMEs (N=120) Greek 13 risk measures by author. Risk propensity affects the way entrepreneurs decide to finance their venture and also affects the first performance principal component which includes the risk undertaken and the profit rate. Leko-Simic and Horvat (2006), Croatian exporters (N=300) Croatia 5 point Likert scale There is significant difference between risk taking and non-risk taking but do not have a very high risk-taking propensity when doing business internationally. Shivani, Mukherjee and Sharan (2006) Small Entrepreneurs (N=200) India Risk Attitudes Inventory designed by Gene Calvert (1993) -A substantial proportion of respondents have low level of risk taking propensity. -No differences between male and female respondents. Table 2.1: Selected Empirical Research of Risk Taking Propensity and Entrepreneurs (Continued) Researcher(s) Sample Place Instrument(s) Results Ozturk and Hancer (2006) Middle level hotel managers (N=106) Turkey Zalaskiewicz (2001) risk scale There was no significant relationship between the risk items and corporate entrepreneurship. Walker, Geddes and Webster (2006) Small business owners (N=1600) Western Australia Measures by author -Some gender differences with women being more emotionally risk averse than their male counterparts. -Younger people, irrespective of gender were more emotionally and financially risk averse compared to older people. There were differences between gender and age cohorts in regard to initial business start-up motivation. Nieuwenhuizen and Groenewald (2006), Owners of SMEs (N=50) South Africa Neethling Brain Instrument (NBI) -The majority of the identified successful, established entrepreneurs did have a strong tendency towards creativity and propensity for calculated risk taking. Naldi, Nordqvist, Sjoberg, Wiklund, (2007) CEOs of the SMEs f irms (N=2455) Sweden Entrepreneurial Orientation. -Risk taking is a distinct dimension of entrepreneurial orientation in family firms and that is positively associated with proactive ness and innovation. -Family firms do take risks while engaged in entrepreneurial activities; they take risk to a lesser extent than non-family firms. -Risk taking in family firms is negatively related to performance. G. Thamizharasi and N. Panchanatham (2010) Small and medium enterprise (N=120) India Not mentioned Risk taking propensity is very much influenced by age, income, marital status and type of ownership. Brockhaus and Nord (1979) found no significant differences in risk taking propensity among three sample groups that they studied. The sample group consists of 31 entrepreneurs who had initiated a new venture within the past three months, 31 managers who had been transferred to another organization and 31 managers who had been promoted in their organizations during the same period of time. Risk taking was measured using the Kogan-Wallach Choice Dilemma Questionnaires (CDQ). In another study, Brockhaus (1980) defined propensity for risk-taking as the perceived probability of receiving the rewards associated with success before the potential entrepreneur actually subjects himself/herself to the consequences associated with failures. Brockhaus examined the risk taking propensity among entrepreneurs using CDQ by Wallach Kogan (1959, 1961). The study tested three categories of individuals: business owner who has started their business for three months prior to the study, managers who had changed positions in their companies within three months prior to the study and managers who had changed employers within three months prior to the study. The researchers rationale using entrepreneurs close to the starting point of business enterprise would involve those that would finally fail, thereby eliminating bias from investigating only successful en trepreneurs. However, the study found no differences between the respondents scores and the normative Kogan-Wallach data which means that the distribution of risk taking propensities of entrepreneurs and managers were the same that they are moderate risk takers. A series of researches by Sexton and Bowman (1983, 1984, and 1985) concluded that higher propensity for risk taking was a characteristic which differentiate entrepreneurs from managers. The studies used instruments that researchers developed themselves by modifying test instruments based on Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) which included measurement of those traits which had previously been found to be significant higher in risk taking among entrepreneurship majors than business administration majors and non-business majors. A study by Ray (1986) had discovered a higher propensity for risk taking among entrepreneurs, particularly when confronted with business risk. Meanwhile, (Schwer and Yucelt, (1984) found that risk taking is moderated by business experience, age, education and type of business. A similar survey conducted by Masters and Meier (1988) examined a group of managers or small business owners who had attended management development workshops using Kogan and Wallachs Choice Dilemma Questionnaires (CDQ). The study also compared the mean scores of all respondents to the CDQ norms, the scores for male and female to each other, and the scores for small business owners for managers. The study found no significant differences in risk taking propensity among male and female entrepreneurs and concluded that the womens involvement and womens entry into business had bridged the gap between the difference in male and female scores on the CDQ. MacCrimmon and Wehrung (1990) studied the risk taking propensity among executives in Canada and United States. The results showed that the degree of success among business owners and executives was related to the degree of risk taking propensity. Educa tion was also found to be related to risk taking showing that business owners and executives who are less educated were less willing to take risk. However, the study found that age, seniority, number of dependents was inversely related to risk taking. The results concluded that those business owners and managers were not willing to take risks in business were not likely to succeed. Meanwhile a study by Carland, Carland and Carland (1995) investigated the risk taking propensity using the Risk Taking scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) by Jackson (1976). There were 848 respondents consisting of 114 entrepreneurs, 347 small business owners and 387 managers which were located in 20 states in the South-eastern United States using convenience sampling method. The study revealed that the owners displayed a higher level of risk taking compared to the managers. The study also looked at the differences among entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers which showed that a mong the three groups, entrepreneurs had the highest risk taking propensity, followed by small business owners and managers. Another part of the study was to examine the demographic differences of risk taking propensity such as gender, age and education. The findings indicated that older respondents exhibited a lower of risk taking propensity than the young ones. Respondents with higher level of education had higher propensities for risk taking and finally, female exhibited a lower level of risk taking propensity as compared to male. So, via the JPI, the research resulted in differentiation on demographic, as well as among entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers. Other study by Begley (1995), who conducted the research on 239 New England business executive found that risk taking propensity was the only trait on which founders and non-founders differed but failed to identify whether the level of entrepreneurial risk taking was low, moderate or high. Koiranen, Hyrsky and Tunnanen (1997) conducted a study to find out whether there was any difference on risk taking propensity between American and Finnish entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers. The study revealed that U.S entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers were more inclined to risk taking than their Finnish counterparts. The samples for this study were 1000 U.S entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers and 1000 Finnish entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers. The instrument used to measure risk taking propensity was the JPI. The result showed there were no significant difference between female US entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers and their Finnish female counterparts. Stewart, Watson, Carland and Carland (1998), examined the risk taking propensity of students using JPI and CDQ for the purpose of measurement comparison and validity assessment. The study used two samples of 138 students and 68 students from two universities using convenience sampling method to examine the differences in JPI and CDQ. The study found that the CDQ failed to measure the construct of risk taking in the investigation. Even though JPI was more successful, however, it has components which may not be well matched for measuring entrepreneurial risk taking. The researchers suggested entrepreneurship researchers should be more careful when trying to measure business risk taking propensity, and must not rely too heavily on a generic substitute. Hyrsky and Tuunanen (1999) measured the varying degrees of innovativeness and risk-taking propensity by Finnish and U.S entrepreneurs and small business owners found that the Americans (N=456) had greater risk-taking propensity than the Finns (N=434) who tended to be more conservative and risk-averse. The study used the Risk Taking scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) by Jackson (1976) to measure the risk-taking propensities which includes 320 True-False statements consisting of 16 scales, eac h comprising 20 statements, and the scores of each scale ranging from 0 to 20. In elements of risk, risk perceptions and entrepreneurs propensities to take risk influence choices among potentially risky entrepreneurial venture survey by Forlani and Mullins (2000), respondents were CEO of the 540 firms listed in INC, Fortune and Business Week magazines of the fastest growing public companies in the United States. The respondents were contacted by fax to request their participation in the study and 210 agreed to participate in the study. The instruments were then mailed and asked to return via U.S mail to ensure confidentiality. The study found an effect of differences in risk propensities among entrepreneurs on their new venture choices. Das and Teng (2001) proposed a temporal framework of strategic risk behaviour in which the two temporalities were integrated with risk propensity and perceived decision context. The study also suggested individual risk propensity can manifest i tself with different saliencies in decisions involving different time horizons. The result showed a fairly clear divide the short-range side was dominated by situational factors (perceived decision context), while the longer-range side was influenced more by the dispositional risk propensity. Balabanis and Katiskea (2003) noted that risk taking propensity directly influenced by company size because larger companies have a greater pool of resources that gives more space to take risks and spread them among different products and markets. In addition, larger companies are unable to tolerate losses from unsuccessful entrepreneurial efforts. Therefore, level of risk taking propensity among larger companies was expected to be higher as compared with smaller companies. Petrakis (2005) investigated the risk propensity among 120 businessmen of MSMEs who own capital smaller than 10,000,000 Euros (EU definitions of MSMEs). The study found that risk propensity affected the way entreprene urs decide to finance their venture and also affected the first performance principal component which includes the risk undertaken and the profit rate. Leko-Simic and Horvat (2006) analyzed companys age, size and types of business as determinants of risk taking propensity on 300 Croatian exporters. They were randomly drawn from Croatian Chamber of Commerce database as 10% of active exporters. The samples were clustered into risk-taking and non-risk taking segments. The two clusters were analyzed with statistical inferential analysis against different aspects such as objective and subjective of export performance. The study found that there was significant difference between risk taking and non-risk taking but they did not have a very high risk-taking propensity when doing business internationally. Past studies by Shivani, Mukherjee and Sharan (2006) had used Risk Attitudes Inventory designed by Gene Calvert (1993) to measure risk taking propensity. The maximum score was 15 whi ch showed the higher the total score the more the risk taking propensity. The scores from 0-5 were categorized as having low risk taking propensity, scores from 6-10 as having moderate risk taking propensity and 11-15 as high risk taking propensity. The study found that a substantial proportion of respondents had low level of risk taking propensity. However, the study found no differences between male and female respondents. Ozturk and Hancer (2006) analysed the relationship between middle level hotel managers risk taking propensity and corporate entrepreneurship. To analyse the relationship, 106 middle level hotel managers in Didim, Turkey were surveyed for their risk taking propensity. In addition, corporate entrepreneurship scale was also used to identify if the hotels have corporate entrepreneurship activities. The study showed that there was no significant relationship between the risk items and corporate entrepreneurship. Walker, Geddes and Webster (2006), studied the ri sk taking propensities among women business owners and how age affects such activities. The questionnaires were distributed to 1600 small business owners in regional and metropolitan Western Australian and the response rate was 30% (486 questionnaires returned). The study found that there were some gender differences with women being more emotionally risk averse than their male counterparts. With regard to age, younger people, irrespective of gender, were more emotionally and financially risk averse compared to older people. There were also differences between gender and age cohorts in regard to initial business start-up motivation. The study concluded that self-employment might be a viable alternative to mainstream employment for women in general; it may not be the best alternative for all younger women, given that many of them still have to balance between work and family. Nieuwenhuizen and Groenewald (2006) investigated methods or instruments that determine an individuals crea tivity and risk propensity identified that Scheins Career Anchor Instruments and the Neethling Brain Instrument (NBI) as two appropriate instruments to determine creativity and evaluate risk propensity. The results proved that the majority of the identified successful, established entrepreneurs did have a strong tendency towards creativity and propensity for calculated risk taking. Naldi, Nordqvist, Sjoberg and Wiklund (2007) focused on risk taking as one important dimension of entrepreneurial orientation and its impact on family firms. The respondents were the CEOs of the 2455 MSMEs firms obtained from Statistics Sweden (the Bureau of Census) using stratified sampling method. The data was collected using telephone and mail surveys. The study found that risk taking is a distinct dimension of entrepreneurial orientation in family firms and that is positively associated with proactiveness and innovation. Another finding from this study was, even if family firms do take risks while engaged in entrepreneurial activities, they take risk to a lesser extent than non-family firms. Finally, the study also found that risk taking in family firms is negatively related to performance. Tamizharasi and Panchanatham (2010) studied the demographic factors of the small and medium enterprise attitudes in Cuddalore district of Tamilnadu, India. They stated that entrepreneurial attitudes can make the entrepreneurs stronger and more successful in their business. They also found that age and ownership were related significantly to risk taking. The study concluded that entrepreneurial attitudes increased with the increase of the age, income, change in marital status and type of ownership. Summary This chapter presents a review of previous researchers on the risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. In summary, this chapter has attempted to organize the previous research findings to develop an understanding with regards to the topic under investigation. It summarizes the empirical evidence of those in order to address the main issues for the focus of this study. From the literature, the discussion on entrepreneurs risk taking propensity centred on the two variables that influence the risk taking propensity demographic and business characteristics. The influence of these predictors variables on entrepreneurs risk taking propensity has also been reviewed briefly. From the discussion, it can be summarize that demographic and business characteristics are the most important components of risk taking propensity. Studies on demographic characteristics revealed that certain variables are more likely to have positive influence and contribute to development of entrepreneurs risk taking propensity. For example, age has been shown to have significantly positive relation with risk taking propensity. Marital status also seems to be related positively with risk taking propensity. Meanwhile, gender has been found to show inconsistent results. Business ownership and owners business experience have also indicated positive relationship with risk taking propensity. For this study, the researcher selected only these four demographic characteristics due to limited time and resources available for this research. Furthermore, demographic characteristics only form a subset of the numerous independent variable to be examined in this present study. Selection of a few appropriate demographic variables is therefore essential. Another pressing need for research appears to be investigating on how business characteristics of entrepreneurs will relate to their risk taking propensity. It seems that business characteristics measured by size, length of business, type of business , amount of start-up financing, sources of start-up financing, location and number of employees has produced supportive evidence for such relationship. Therefore, for the present study, business characteristics were utilized where business characteristics were measured by size, length of business, type of business, amount of start-up financing, sources of start-up financing, location and number of employees. Finally, considering the lack of empirical research for MSMEs risk taking propensity in Malaysia, especially in the two east coast states, and further research to address these issues is apparently warranted. In the next chapter, will gives insight into research design employed to interrogate the research problem with specific reference to sampling, data collection methods and the statistical techniques utilised.

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Hamlet Appearance vs. Reality Essay Example For Students

Hamlet Appearance vs. Reality Essay Hamlet Appearance vs. RealityHamlet one of Shakespeares greatest plays,where the young prince of Denmark must uncover the truth about his fathersdeath. Hamlet a play that tells the story of a young prince whos fatherrecently died. Hamlets uncle Claudius marries his mother the queen andtakes the throne. As the play is told Hamlet finds out his father was murderedby the recently crowned king. The theme that remains constant throughoutthe play is appearance versus reality. Things within the play appear tobe true and honest but in reality are infested with evil. Many of the characterswithin the play hide behind a mask of falseness. Four of the main charactersthat hid behind this mask are Polonius, Rosencrantz (Guildenstern), theking Cluadius. From behind this mask they give the impression of a personwho is sincere and genuine, in reality they are plagued with lies and evil. There appearance will make it very difficult for Hamlet to uncover thetruth, the characters hide behind. Polonius the kings royal assistant hasa preoccupation with appearance. He always wants to keep up the appearanceof loving and caring person. Polonius appears like a man who loves andcares about his son, Laertes. Polonius speaks to his son with advice thatsounds sincere but in reality it is rehearsed, hollow and without feeling. Polonius gives his advice only to appear to be the loving caring father. The reality is he only speaks to appear sincere as a politician, to lookgood rather then actually be good: And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. This above all: to thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the nightthe day, Thou canst not then be false to any man. Farewell; my blessingseason this in thee! Act 1Polonius gives his son Laertes his blessingto go away, he sends a spy to follow him and keep an eye on him. This showshis lack of trust for anyone, he gives the appearance of a confident fatherwho trusts his son to go off on his own. In reality he lies about his trustfor his son by sending a spy to watch him. His advice he gives his sonis rehearsed and only said to give the appearance of a loving father. Poloniusfurther adds to the theme appearance verses reality by ordering Opheliato stop seeing Hamlet. He lies to her telling her that Hamlet does notlove her, he only lusts for her, in truth he does love her: Ay, springesto catch woodcocks. I do know, When the blood burns , how prodigal thesoul Through the play Polonius hids behind his mask appearing to be honestloving parent. In reality Polonius lies, manipulates people and eavesdropson peoples conversation. Polonius helps contribute to the theme appearanceverses reality by showing how his appearance is not his true nature, behindthe mask there lies someone totally different. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are two ofHamlets childhood friends who when asked by the king, try to find out whatis troubling the young prince. Both help to contribute to the theme byshowing there appearance of being Hamlets friends. The pair go to Hamletpretending to be his friends when in truth they are only there becausethe king asked them to find the truth. There is some irony within the twins,they are asked by the king to find out the truth by hiding within a lie,by pretending to be his friend: A dream is but a shadow Act II. .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35 , .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35 .postImageUrl , .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35 , .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35:hover , .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35:visited , .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35:active { border:0!important; } .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35:active , .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35 .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u450b74fd27ab5cf95c5f2216c6128a35:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ecuadorin Crisis EssayHamlet knows there purpose for their visitis to dig into his soul to find the real reason for his actions as of late. As the play continues the twins are asked again by the king to go to Hamletand try again to find the real reason for Hamlets behavior. Hamlet insultsthem at every chance knowing they are lying to him about there purposeof the visit: Tis as easy as lying; govern these ventages with you fingerand thumb, give it breath with your mouthAct IIIAs the melodrama continues Hamlet goeswith the twins to reclaim money that another state owes Denmark. Hamletis sent by the king to retrieve the assets. In actuality Hamlet is sentoff to wither because the king, Claudius knows that Hamlet knows too muchand must be killed. The twins show there appearance of being Hamlets friendsbut in truth they have a hidden reason for visiting with Hamlet. Both showthat it will be very difficult for Hamlet to uncover the fidelity hiddenwithin the lies. Claudius the king of Denmark conduct incouncil gives him the appearance of an Honest and honorable man. In Actone scene two Claudius in the presence of council shows his true skilland ease of manner at speaking. Claudius speaks well of the spent kingby showing a general love for him by all his subjects. Claudius show respectfor the old sovereign by speaking kind words of him. In reality he careslittle for the old king, he speaks kindly only to give the appearance ofloving brother. Though yet of Hamlet our dear brothersdeath The memory be green, and that it us befitted To bear our hearts ingrief, and our whole kingdom To be contracted in one brow of woe Act IAs Claudius sends Voltimand and Corneliusoff to give the king of Norway the message of Fortibras, he thanks andgives them complete trust, in the deliverance of the notation. This showshis trust and caring for his subjects in front of the council, wining evenmore consent from the council: We doubt it nothing: heartily farewell. Act I Claudius increases his appearance of a honest and honorable man,in front of the council by showing his respect for Polonius. He gives himthe power to let his son Laertes stay or leave for Norway. Claudius speakshighly of Polonius giving him thanks and saying the he was responsiblefor Claudius becoming king:The head is not more native to theheart, The hand more instrumental to the mouth, Than is thethrone of Denmark to thy father. What woudlst thou have, Laertes(Act I ii, 47-50)This council would see this as a man whogreatly respects his subjects and cares for them. This adds to the difficultyof uncovering the truth for Hamlet later. Hamlet enters the council chamberand speaks with Claudius. The king (Claudius) speaks with Hamlet seemingto be concerned with Hamlet. He gives advice that over grieveing is nothealthy, this shows a concern for Hamlets well being. This conduct of Claudiusgives him the appearance of being kind in front of council that acceptshim even more for his fami ly values: How is it that the clouds still hangon you? Act I Claudius appears to be even more caring when insulted byHamlet he still shows love and general care for Hamlet. A normal king wouldhave become angry and Hamlet would have gotten into trouble. Claudius showsthe council that he is understanding of Hamlets grief over his father:A little more than kin, and less than kind. Act I . Claudius gives Hamletadvice that over grieveing can be harmful and not healthy. Claudius tellsHamlet that he is a admirable person for grieveing for so long over hisdads death. Yet again Claudius keeps putting on the appearance of the honorableman. .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db , .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db .postImageUrl , .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db , .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db:hover , .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db:visited , .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db:active { border:0!important; } .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db:active , .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae4c92a78feb708037605915791f60db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Youth Who Turn to Illicit Drugs EssayTis sweet and commendable in yournature, Hamlet, To give these mourning duties to your father:But, you must know, you father lost a father; That father lost, losthis; and the survivor bound In filial obligation for some termTo do obsequious sorrow; but to persever In obstinate condolementis a course Act IClaudius further makes it difficult touncover the truth by announcing that Hamlet is next in line for the throneof Denmark. This shows that Claudius would let Hamlet become the next kingwhen he is gone. This reveals a love and care for Hamlet to the counciland Gertrude making Claudius appear to be kind, loving person: You arethe most im mediate to our throne; And with no less nobility of love ActIClaudius final conduct that makes him adifficult truth to uncover, is his care and want that Hamlet remain inDenmark. Claudius is insulted by Hamlet, he asks Hamlet to stay only thathis queen Gertrude wants Hamlet to stay. Claudius appears to be concernedwith Hamlets well being, Gertrude and council see this ,making Claudiusa more deserving person to be king. As Claudius speaks in council he givesthe appearance of someone who is a deserving person that should be king. Claudius is voted in as king meaning he is already approved by everyone. Claudius gives respect to his subjects giving the council the impressionthat he respects them. The king shows general concern for Hamlet, his nephew. This will make it very difficult to prove the truth about Claudius in thefuture for he has not only, one the love and respect of council (that votedhim in). But also has prevented a attack on Denmark (from Fortinbras) provingthat he is good king that can protect the state from harm. Claudius makesit very difficult for Hamlet to uncover the truth about the true natureof Claudius in the future. Through the characters within the playall help to show the theme, that being appearance verses reality. Polonius,Rosencrantz (Guildenstern) and the king all appear to be good and honest. As Hamlet finds out, all contain lies and have hidden intentions withinthem. As each character is presented in the play all appear to be goodand honest making it a difficult task for Hamlet to uncover the hiddentruth about the nature of each character. As Hamlet best said it somethingsis rotten in Denmark That being the lies which have replaced or coveredthe true state of each character.

Essay DBQ, Catholic Christian Reformed - 4 Essay Sample

Essay DBQ, Catholic Christian Reformed - 4 Essay SampleThe DBQ, a Christian Reformed essay sample and Essay Selection Kit consists of 4 general parts: introduction, essays for the theme, response essays, and summary. The short essays are simple and concise.A brief introduction to the project is important to begin with ethical issues in the essay, what is expected from the reader, and how the focus of the essay changes with each part. The essays are not longer than two pages. The introduction is also about opening and closing statements that should contain a focus on the topic of the essay.One obvious contribution of this sample is the logical structure. The structure of the Essay Selections is developed through the introduction, short essays on the theme, response essays, and summary. Most essays are five to seven sentences long, but some essays are ten or more. The basic format is to list one topic followed by the key ideas in the essay. The essay begins with a preface or concluding statement.These Essay DBQ Catholic Christian Reformed essay samples are not difficult to follow. It is always easy to follow the logical structure of the Essay DBQ, Catholic Christian Reformed essay samples, the order of the topics is arranged in a logical order and will guide the reader through the whole essay. The Essay DBQ, Catholic Christian Reformed essay samples also contains a list of the topics that will be covered in the whole assignment, which will help the student prepare the assigned topic and the necessary outline.The next section is on the religious standpoint. This section also addresses issues such as: what is the Christian view on abortion? Do all Christians believe in the sanctity of life? How do the different denominations differ?After this the Essay DBQ, Catholic Christian Reformed essay samples also address: What is the Christian viewpoint on Heaven? Is hell a real place? Is Jesus the only way to God?The authors of these books are theologians who were trained a nd are recognized in their field. The assignments they offer are generally revised versions of their completed PhD Dissertations.A graduate of a PhD in Theology with a focus on Christian Ethics is a hard grader, but the Essay DBQ Catholic Christian Reformed essay samples are still well worth taking a shot on. They will not be stiff nor too difficult, and they will address the Christian viewpoint well.